![]() ![]() The rough evaluation of coatings or geometries can also be the topic of macrostructural investigations. Applications where macrostructure is observed are typically welds, cast parts of some nonferrous metals or deformation and segregation on cast or forged parts. These observations are less common than microstructural investigations. Macrostructure can be seen with the naked eye, a magnifying glass or stereo microscope. 2: Pure copper macro section part of cast block etched Microstructural observations are used for a wide range of investigations, for example, to determine grain sizes, check for defects, target preparation in microelectronics, welds of all kinds and failure analysis.įig. Usually, the size of characteristics observed range from parts of millimeters down to micrometers and even nanometers. Microstructure can only be assessed by microscope (stereo microscope, light microscope using reflected light, digital microscope or scanning and transmission electron microscope). following the forming processes, such as forging, rolling, bending, etc.) ![]() Chemical and/or physical influences (e.g.Structural characteristics also depend on subsequent external influences. Grain size and orientation and other structural characteristics are directly linked to the mechanical and technological properties of these materials. Typically, the grain structure is adapted to the technical application. The grains are formed from the molten material when it solidifies, interact with one another and with other ingredients, like phases and contaminations. forging, casting or additive manufacturing). The structure, size and orientation of these grains result from the material composition (alloy) and the way the material is made (e.g. The inner structure of a metal is made up of individual crystalline areas known as ‘grains’. Solving materialography's biggest challenges How Automation drives Value for Materialography Grinding stones and diamond grinding discsģ ways to improve your process when cutting large piecesĦ ways to improve the speed and efficiency of your cuttingħ ways to optimize cutting liquid for optimal sectioning
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